Importance Of Chemistry Essay

Our entire universe is made up of matter which is constantly changing forms and evolving into other forms of energy. We use chemistry from the beginning of the day till its end, the toothpaste we use to brush our teeth is made of abrasives, fluoride, and detergents. These common household items contain batteries, which make them very chemically dependent. The purification our water by process of chlorination, dental cleanliness from toothpaste, sterilization, the control and the cure of disease are all a part of daily living discovered and created by chemistry. These discoveries make up a major component for the protection of our health and hygiene and are vital for the future existence of mankind. Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed, of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change. The use of these processes to form new substances, understanding the importance of chemistry is essential to know the importance of chemistry in everyday life. Everything on earth is made up of chemicals you, your food, and the products you use in life such as soaps, perfumes etc. all are made up of chemicals. Life without chemicals is impossible. A number of changes that you observe are the result of chemical reactions like the rain, the change in the color of leaves, cleaning of any particular material in your house, all involve chemicals. You need to understand certain chemical reactions. When does your packet food expire? What disinfectants and repellents you should use to keep your house hygienic and healthy and so on. A guest (Jonathan Liu) stated â€Å"I never knew that chemistry is applied to so many things in everyday life! I knew that there would be a lot of math involved and just thought that we would be studying science more in depth. Now that I’ve read this, I am more interested in studying chemistry at school†. Chemistry is important because it helps in exploring things which are unknown to mankind. Chemistry is important because it explains the future behavior of plants and animals and all of us use chemicals directly or indirectly in our daily lives. We are us ing chemistry when we cook, when we wash, when we eat, when we get ready, when we play, when we think, as a  matter of fact, we always use chemistry. Increasing the knowledge in chemistry is important if we want to improve our lifestyle on the daily. Chemistry is also important for the environment. When you are aware of the harming effects of the gases like carbon dioxide and methane as a result of the greenhouse effect, you can easily carve out solutions for the reduction of effects on the environment. If you go with a minimum knowledge of the importance use of chemistry you can help in saving the environment to a large extent. Though chemistry is thought as complicated and a boring science subject, chemistry is responsible in explaining the world you live in, apart from explaining cooking, cleaning, medicine and environment issues; chemistry is in essence the study of everything. Understanding the basic chemistry is essential for all, but specializing in chemistry, making a career out of the subject is also interesting. Plenty of chemistry related high paying jobs are available today. All the medical students, physicists, geologists, nutritionists study chemistry. That the importance of chemistry will increase day by day and it is essential to understand the basic chemistry to properly conduct the activities of the daily life.

Do Violent Video Games Cause Behavior Problems

Do you want guns, money and cars? That’s what Call of Duty, War and Grand Theft Auto affect the children. Our children grow up with a lot of technology around them. Some people think violent video games cause behavior problems, but I disagree with them. Some children spend a lot of time playing video games and that affects their brains. Also, they do not differentiate between fantasy and reality. Also, they would not mind if they want shooting first one they see after game.According to CNN news the child who spends more than four hours playing violent video games their became a violent person, because their interacts with game. So every thing they do in the game like killing or stealing, they could do it in real. All these action will be a part of the player’s behavior, which means while they are playing, they are developing aggressive behaviors Children learn very fast and act like what they see in video games. Some video games have good side and help children in diffe rent ways.According to ABC news they have not proven the violent video games cause behavior problem essay writer needed. For example what happened in Newtown, Connecticut a few months ago when a boy killed students in school they found he had mantel diseases. On the other hand video games can teach children high- level thinking skills, because if they want win in any game essay writer for hire, they have to got a good plan and made their brainwork. So these games improve thinking skills. Also, video games make children smart. Because, some video games make the player think very fast to solve problems or had strategy.For example, I bought an Ipad for my kids and I downloaded some good games to teach them English and one day I heard my son sang English song. There are a lot of things made violent person like parents and TV. Parents have a big responsibility to their children. Because they have to take care of them and watch them. For example, a 7 years boy shot his sister with his fat her gun last week in Saudi Arabia. That means the boy saw the gun near him, and he used it. We cannot blame the boy, we blame the father, because he did not care and left his gun near the boy.On the other hand TV also can make a violent person. Every one has a TV in his home and we see a lot of films and programs some of them show killing and stealing car, all of these can make violent children. We have to take care of our children. Because there will build our countries in the future and we do not want murder or killer in our society. In my opinion we have to learn parents who protect their children and take care of them, also we have to control the TV by avoid some channels because some of them show violent in their programs, cartoon films and films.

Life in the Colonial Cities Essay

The people of early colonial America settled mainly in rural areas and farms. Eventually, by the end of the 18th century, cities became dominant settlements over the rural regions. The cities of colonial America were heavily influences by British; the latest fashions of dress, social ideas, and furniture among other things were imported from Great Britain. As the size of cities grew, problems in health and sanitation began to arise. Throughout all of the major cities, taverns were the common places where everyone would meet. The cities of colonial America helped spread the European Enlightenment across the Atlantic. This in turn helped create an American Enlightenment movement, which started primarily in the major cities. Cities helped develop the advancement of learning in science, literature, and the arts. They were also centers for manufacturing and commerce, where industry boomed. The major cities of America included Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Newport, and Charleston. In these large cities, many problems began to surface. These difficulties involved health, sanitation, police protection, and fire prevention. To decrease these problems meant that the city would have to work together and stop with individualistic ways. Philadelphia was the most heavily populated, and most sophisticated of the major cities. They had brick roads and sidewalks including street lamps, which turned on every night. There was a regular night watch along with volunteers for fire protection and there were also many booksellers. Some people were unhappy with Philadelphia’s design while others thought the city to be a masterpiece. Boston was another populous city, thanks to its elegance and in general the manners of its people. The people of Boston had many luxuries, such as coach rides where slaves served the customers. Also, the Mall was a very popular place among the people. The Mall was a beautiful Common with trees and paths, which was an imitation of St James’s Park. Although Boston was not as  densely populated as Philadelphia, Boston offered a cleaner and more open society. New York City preserved many of its native Dutch traditions and qualities. A lot of the buildings were built of brick, which was the common Dutch style. New York also had developed into the headquarters of the British North American Army. Many New Yorkers were influenced greatly by Britain, which meant that the people were considered to have excellent manners. Taverns were the centers of social life in the cities, also called the â€Å"principal social institution of colonial America.† The taverns social class ranged greatly depending on its surrounding areas. Some taverns housed the low life’s and poor people while others only accepted gentleman. Most of the pubs were a place for common people to discuss any matters at hand. Some say the foundation of the Revolutionary War was planned in taverns. Some people felt as if taverns were causing some problems in society. Benjamin Franklin was one of the major figures that tried to limit the number of taverns in cities. He argued that the number of taverns might cause poverty to many of the people and the surrounding neighborhood. However, taverns could be considered good to the cities because they were the closest form of business enterprise in colonial America to this point. Although in the early years of colonial America, many people resided in the rural areas, the cities became more populated over time. Taverns were a main reason for people moving from farms to the cities. The conditions of the city weren’t excellent, as the water supply was not very sanitary and garbage disposal was a major issue. However, these factors made for the beginning of a new nation and helped form how America is today.

Ikea Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ikea - Case Study Example For example, company can decide which consumer segments to target? Which suppliers should be selected? Whether to use marketing intermediaries or not? However, social, cultural, political, technological and economical factors cannot be influenced. 3. Look at Figure 2.4 on the role of SBUs and the accompanying discussion. How might your chosen company go about developing some strategies in each of the boxes: penetration, market development, product development and diversification? IKEA started its operations in 1943 and until 1960s and 1970, company pursued market penetration strategy in Sweden (IKEA). After achieving significant position in Sweden, company pursued Market development strategy and entered into new market of Switzerland, Germany, Asian countries, Canada and USA. After getting a huge popularity in furniture markets, IKEA pursued Product Development strategy by starting IKEA Food and Restaurants in its existing markets. Today, IKEA has built a strong image in the minds of consumers, therefore, by pursuing diversification strategy, company can future expand into new

Aggregate Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aggregate Planning - Assignment Example ay decide to offer different services and products to a specific multitude of clients or rather offer different multitudes with the same product and services. This leads to profit maximization to a company (Paley, 2007). Once a collective strategy is effectively applied, a business acquires a competitive advantage over the rival competitors by having a wider variety of goods and services to offer to the customers. This makes the customers have a choice to make regarding the goods that they strongly believe suits their satisfaction. Pet Smart Company is a company that supplies pets and offers all the services for their healthier living. The company supplies its clients with different types of pets regarding the clients’ option (petsmart.com). The pet is usually the customers’ preference and they are supplied according to the orders made. Due to the extensive number of varieties, the company has been able to cater for the rising number of customer demands who are demanding different types of pets. If the rising demand is adequately catered for, it results in profit maximization for the company. Offering the pets at an affordable price makes them more appealing to the clients with different economical background as well as their financial status. Wider pet variety also favors the miscellaneous population with different religious beliefs thus satisfying them with their pet preferences. PetSmart Company also offers pet services such as clinics for the sick pets and pets’ checkup. The company gains profits through the services as they are often charged to the pet owners thus increasing the company’s financial

MARKETING STRATEGIES TO INCREASE CUSTMER SATISFACTION Essay

MARKETING STRATEGIES TO INCREASE CUSTMER SATISFACTION - Essay Example A comparison of the expectations that a customer may have had as a result of any marketing and the subsequent reality after the purchase of a product, service or trying out of something that had been the subject of a marketing campaign can result in the customer being satisfied or dissatisfied with their closer interaction. Customer satisfaction determines the repeat purchase behaviour of a customer, their word to mouth recommendation and loyalty to a firm as well as any long term business association. It is far more expensive to gain a new customer then it is to retain an existing one and customer experiences do get repeated to others in the market. Marketing involves the whole customer interaction with a company or firm and any expectations that a customer has as a result of marketing have to be fulfilled in reality. Thus, the marketing strategy that is pursued by a firm does determine the profits that it can make and the success that can be enjoyed. This dissertation proposal atte mpts to present a research project that will try to investigate ingredients of marketing that can give rise to customer satisfaction in an age of computing, telecommunications and information technology networks. Marketing is about making people aware of solutions for their human and social needs in a cost effective and appropriate manner so that profits can be made for those who are providing the solutions as well as those who are communicating the message about the existence of the available solutions (Kotler, 2005, Chapter 1). Although effective marketing can take many forms, it should be able to satisfy the target audience and meet their need for information about what is available in a manner that is both pleasing and informative. If information is conveyed in a manner that is pleasing and exciting, then it is very likely that potential customers will be attracted to a product, service or solution for which they perceive that they have a need. The scope of marketing

Target Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Target Market - Essay Example From a layman’s point of view, the governmental and institutional sectors provide good growth opportunities. However, on a broader horizon, it can be seen that world markets other than USA provide exponential growth opportunities. These regions include Pakistan, the 2nd largest consumer of CNG vehicles where government has heavily invested in the CNG infrastructure, Bangladesh and India. Due to the increased environmental awareness amongst the target market and the technological innovations which have improved the quality and efficiency of CNG buses to match the diesel buses. Moreover, the experience of Argentina and Pakistan has shown that it is tried and tested and the investment of the investors will not sink. Moreover, it would save the huge bill on fuel and is economical. The present hike in fuel prices (petrol and diesel) is another factor which is in favor of converting fleets to CNG powered vehicles. The common observation is that even though the capital investment on a CNG bus might be US $ 25000 expensive as compared to traditional diesel buses, but the savings due to fuel economy are enough to cover up this gap in as small a time frame as 1 year. Moreover, CNG, contrary to traditional belief, has been proven to be a safe and hazard proof fuel. Considering the above now is the perfect timing to enter into this sector. Considering the above statistics, it can be concluded that Asian markets are the fastest growing markets for the CNG industry. The North and South American regions together hold immense unexploited potential and growth is expected in upcoming years. Growing global markets: the greatest opportunity for CNG Buses is the dynamic growth being experienced in the CNG sector in economies like Latin America (Argentina, Brazil), Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Thailand. Awareness in Institutional Clients: Over a period of years, the environmental awareness has been increasing. This is

The Concept of Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Concept of Business Strategy - Essay Example The arrangement of the five forces varies across different industries. For instance, in the commercial airline industry, stiff competition exists between Boeing and Airbus, the power of suppliers, threat of entry and the threat of substitutes are weak while the power of suppliers is strong. In the movie theatre sector, the increase of entertainment and the influence of distributors and movie producers and inputs are significant. The first component in the tool refers to supplier power and refers to the ease of suppliers to lead to changes in prices. This is influenced by the number of suppliers in at each point of production, the cost of switching between suppliers, the power they have over companies and the uniqueness of the product or service. The less the supplier options that are present in an industry, the more power the consumers have. The second aspect of the Porter Five-tool is buyer power and it relates to how easy it is for consumers to lead to a reduction in prices. This i s influenced by the number of buyers, the cost of their decision to switch to other products and services and the value of each customer to the organization. Companies that deal with a relative number of powerful buyers, they have a huge impact on them.The third aspect is competitive rivalry and this relates to the number and ability of the competitors. If a company has a high number of competitors that offer better products and services then, the company has minimal power over the situation.

Molecular Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Molecular Identity - Essay Example The paper, instead, expounds upon the seven cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that have been described to date with specific emphasis placed on KCC2. The cotransporter KCC2 is evident in neuronal processes with specific preference for inhibitory ones where ergic action is relevant. KCC2 action precedes the ergic one as the KCC2 action brings down the intracellular chloride concentration to optimum levels to make it possible for ergic action. The phylogenetic, molecular and structural-functional details of the cotransporters have also been provided with special emphasis on KCC2. The CAD cell line, new in studies like this, has been introduced. The cell line exhibits catecholaminergic voltage dependent currents across membranes. Specific experimentation details have not been provided. A 5708 nucleotide region of the SLC12A5 gene that encodes the KCC2 cotransporter protein was probed with two 20 bp bits, left and right primer details in Appendix, with RT-PCR analysis. The resulting 206-nucleotide insert was perfectly amplified with one complement in the RT-PCR at temperatures varying from C - C. mRNA isolated from undifferentiated and differentiated murine CAD cells were used for the analysis. Electrophoresis of the RT-PCR products through 1.5% agarose gel revealed that most of the inserts had been perfectly complemented once during the RT-PCR producing evidence that the SLC12A5 gene is present in both murine differentiated and undifferentiated CAD cells and that these cells can, thus, later be used as culture media for further study of the KCC2 cotransporter expression and molecular identity. This is of great importance to such study as a suitable cell line has been hard to find so far and the easy manner in which the gene revealed itself in this study assures that this cell line can be a very convenient medium of further such studies Contents: 1. Introduction 8-9 1.1 CAD Cells 9-10 1.2 The Cotransporters (KCC1, 2, 3 & 4) 10-11 1.3 The Electroneutral Cotransporters 11-12 1.4 Cotransporters KCC1 11-15 1.4.1 Genetic Details 1.4.2 Structure 1.4.3 Function and Location 1.5 Cotransporter KCC3 15-16 1.5.1 Genetic Details 1.5.2 Location 1.6 Cotransporter KCC4 16-17 1.6.1 Molecular Genetics with Structural Identity 1.6.2 Function and Location 1.7 Cotransporters: General Features 17 1.8 Cotransporter KCC2 17-24 1.8.1 Phylogenetics 1.8.2 Structural and Locational Implications 1.8.3 Structural and Locational Implications 1.8.4 Specific Neuronal Location 1.8.5 Regulatory Action 1.8.6 Neuron-Specificity 1.8.7 Post- and PreNatal Concentration 1.8.8 Immunohistochemical Analysis 2. Methodology 2.1 RNA Isolation Technique 24 2.2 RNA Isolation Protocol 24-27 2.3 Estimation of RNA Yield 27-29 2.3.1 Vol. Isolated RNA in Differentiated Cells 2.3.2 Vol. Isolated RNA in Undifferentiated Cells 2.4 Primer Design 29 2.5 The PCR Analysis 29-30 2.6 Gel Electrophoresis Technique 30-31 3. Results 31-41 4. Discussion 42-43 5. Conclusion 43-44 References Bibliography List of Abbreviations:- Chloride anion - GABA A type - GABA S type - Potassium cation - Sodium

Editi a paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Editi a paper - Essay Example First, living abroad might destroy a person`s mother tongue. The other factor is abandoning the language. It is a known fact that a the surrounding environment significantly influences affects the process of language acquisition of a language. When a child`s parents move to another country for specific purposes, the child will is likely to acquire the other country`s language. When living abroad there is a big chance that people lose their language to some degree. Such instances of losing one’s own mother tongue on account of migration are quite common. Some might lose everything about the language and others might lose some skills such as writing formally or speaking properly. However, the degree of loss is relative; some may completely forget their mother tongues or their first language while others may retain parts of it. In cases where the migrants practice their traditions in their adoptive country, they are far more likely to retain their first language and acquire the second one, i.e., the language widely spoken in the foreign country to which they have relocated. Some fam ilies try to keep their traditions by using their native language abroad. In other meaning, when they speak to a family member they use their native language and by this way they maintain the language. Throughout the history we have seen witnessed instances and / or read about people who lost their language because they did not use it anymore. They lived abroad and started using and learning the host country`s language. I have two friends who were born in the United State and spent six years in the US. They came back to Saudi Arabia and enrolled in school at the age of six and at that time there were no English subject taught in elementary schools. When they were By the time they attained the age of 12 at the age of 12, they have had forgotten most of their acquired language i.e., English and they struggled to learn the language and found it extremely

Cybercrime Definition Essay Example for Free

Cybercrime Definition Essay What is this Cyber crime? We read about it in newspapers very often. Lets look at the dictionary definition of Cybercrime: It is a criminal activity committed on the internet. This is a broad term that describes everything from electronic cracking to denial of service attacks that cause electronic commerce sites to lose money. Mr. Pavan Duggal, who is the President of www.cyberlaws.net and consultant, in a report has clearly defined the various categories and types of cybercrimes. Cybercrimes can be basically divided into 3 major categories: 1. Cybercrimes against persons. 2. Cybercrimes against property. 3. Cybercrimes against government. Cybercrimes against persons: Cybercrimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer such as e-mail. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indecent exposure, constitutes one of the most important Cybercrimes known today. The potential harm of such a crime to humanity can hardly be amplified. This is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the growth of the younger generation as also leave irreparable scars and injury on the younger generation, if not controlled. A minor girl in Ahmedabad was lured to a private place through cyberchat by a man, who, along with his friends, attempted to gangrape her. As some passersby heard her cry, she was rescued. Another example wherein the damage was not done to a person but to the masses is the case of the Melissa virus. The Melissa virus first appeared on the internet in March of 1999. It spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the United States and Europe. It is estimated that the virus caused 80 million dollars in damages to computers worldwide. In the United States alone, the virus made its way through 1.2 million computers in one-fifth of the countrys largest businesses. David Smith pleaded guilty on Dec. 9, 1999 to state and federal charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus. There are numerous examples of such computer viruses few of them being Melissa and love bug. Cyberharassment is a distinct Cybercrime. Various kinds of harassment can and do occur in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace. Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious, or other.

John Stuart Mill Essay Example for Free

John Stuart Mill Essay â€Å"Actions are right in the proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.† John Stuart Mill utilitarianism, 1863 Utilitarians founder Jeremy Bentham has a famous formulation that is know as the â€Å"greatest-happiness principle†. The definition of this is â€Å"the ethical principle that an action is right in so far as it promotes the greatest happiness of the greatest number of those affected†. Central Beliefs: There are seven thoughts guiding them. These are 1.They want to think about the future 2.They want to leave the part of land they live on the same or even better than before 3. They want a better world where everyone is happy and think if themselves on how to make themselves happy and also how to make other people happy 4.They want right and wrong to be a bit easier. They do not want list to rule their lives. They say that if the Ten Commandments should only be obeyed if it increases their happiness and if they don’t they will not obey them 5.They do not want to talk to much about whether certain prefences are better than others eg. Opera vs. mud wrestling, or homosexuality vs. heterosexuality. 6.They will think of their own happiness, but other people’s happiness counts greatly. They would sacrifice their own happiness if they have to make someone else happy. 7.Do not limit their thinking to human ‘people’. Seek for a happier world where the satisfied preferences of humans and animals are maximised. â€Å"Utilitarianism is a way of facing moral issues without God† Gene Edward Veith, JNR. â€Å"Universal happiness keeps the wheels steadily turning; truth and beauty can’t† Aldous Huxley Objections that has being raised. Which have Christian roots 1.Utilitarianism can be unjust 2.Can be irresponsible 3.Can miscalculate 4.Can become shortsighted 5.Can lose their ‘integrity’ 6.Can be self-deceiving 7.Consequentialism destroys trust 8.Can be cruel and empty Consequentialism is rejected outright. These limits include such things as: 1.Christian Fellowships must not be damage (1 Corinthians 3:16-17) 2. Certain lifestyles are always wrong (1 Corinthians 6:9-10,18) 3.Sneaky methods of evangelism are unacceptable (2 Corinthians 4:2,6:3) 4.Worship of false gods is never an option (1 Corinthians 10:14; 2 Corinthians 6:16) 5.Truth must never be violated (2 Corinthians 13:8) ‘Utilitarianism is a teleological or consequentialist moral theory, holding that rightness of actions is a function of the consequences, â€Å" the greatest good for the greatest number.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ There are many types of utilitarianism here are some 1.Hedonistic- â€Å"advocating the maximization of pleasure and avoidance of pain.† 2.G.E Moore’s agathistic utilitarianism, ‘promoting but refusing to anyalyze â€Å"the good† 3.Eudaimonistic utilitarianism, â€Å"maximizing happiness.† 4.Rule utilitarianism â€Å"concerns itself with general moral rules that you should follow when making decisions.† 5.Act utilitarianism or Case utilitarianism, â€Å"requires each case to be taken individually and appropriate calculations made for each one of them.† 6.Two-level utilitarianism, â€Å"Level one is using Rule Utilitarianism (based on our intuitions) because it is efficient (in both time and effect). Level two however is using Act Utilitarianism when a situation requires more thought and more critical reflection.† Their have a calculus in order to objectively calculate the more moral action in a given situation. The calculus requires you to calculate and rank the following 7 criteria out of a maximum value 1.Intensity – â€Å"how much happiness will result out of the action.† 2.Certainty – â€Å"what is the likelihood that the pleasure will actually arise.† 3.Duration – â€Å"how long will the pleasure last for.† 4.Purity – â€Å"what is the probability that any resulting pain will lead to more pain?† 5. Extent – â€Å"how many people will the pleasure affect?† 6. Fecundity – â€Å"what is the probability that any resulting pleasure will lead to even more pleasure?† 7.Propinquity – â€Å"how far off is the pleasure?† [6. and 7. were added by later philosophers]

Lucozade Marketing Strategy

Lucozade Marketing Strategy The aim of this report is to evaluate the marketing strategy of Lucozade in the United Kingdom. Lucozade is a successful company in the industry of energy and sports drink. The exploding growth in the energy and sports market means the needs of this kind of healthy food is increasing rapidly. It is becoming a popular food culture not only in the United Kingdom but also the whole world. This report uses marketing mix as a tool to analyse the marketing strategy used by Lucozade to understand how the company promote its products. After that, by analysising the market share and the performance, the brands position in competition is identified. Then, through comparing with Lucozades rival- Red Bull, strength and weakness are showed. SWOT analysis is used in this part. Next, the recommendations will be given to the company after the analysis to increase sales and expand market share. 1.Overview of Lucozade 1.1 History of Lucozade Lucozade is a sports energy drink. It was first launched in 1927 by a chemist in Ireland. At that time, its name was Glocozade till 1929, it was bought by Beechams rebranded into Lucozade .From 2000 to present, it is owned GlaxoSmithKline pls which also produces healthcare products such as vaccines. It extended the brand into Lucozade Sport, Lucozade Energy, and Lucozade Alert (Wikipedia, nd). 1.2 Lucozades Achievement Lucozade is the original energy drink as well as the category driver. The sales of Lucozade Energy was  £150 million in 2003 (Facebook, nd) and it went up to  £229.3 million in 2004 and 253.3 million in 2005(Nielsen, 2006). In 2010, Lucozade appears on the list of Top Britains 100 Biggest Brands, ranking the 9th (Nielsen, 2010). 2 2.1 Marketing Mix Brassington F. and Pettitt (2006, p.30) shows that marketing mix as the combination of the major tools of marketing was first developed by Borden in 1964,and the mnemonic 4ps describing those tools was coined by McCarthy(1960).They also points out that the marketing mix can help the company understand the nature of customers and their needs to act on the information, in order to develop and implement marketing activities that actually deliver something of value to the customer. 2.2 4Ps analysis of Lucozade 2.2.1 Product Lucozade is a glucose carbonated drink. The drink is a highly concentrated source of energy which is quickly assimilated into the bloodstream. It is easily digested (Banyard and Philip, 1999, p.70).The company always works hard on new product development since it is launched. Till 2010, it has four product lines: Lucozade, Lucozade Energy, Lucozade Sport and Lucozade Alert. Lucozade Energy: Being launched in 1929, Lucozade Energy is the original product and is designed to provide an energy boost. It provides glucose fuel for physically active people. It is available in the following 6 flavours: Original, Lemon, Orange, Apple, Cherry and Tropical (Facebook, nd). Lucozade Sport: Lucozade Sport was first launched in 1991 and was the UKs first isotonic sports drink.(Lucozade Website,nd) It is developed to meet the needs of athletes, football player and those sports lovers. It also launched Lucozade Sport Hydro Active: It is a new fitness water specially designed for exercisers and gym-goers(Facebook, nd). In 2010, Lucozade sport is attempting to extend its potential audience with the launch of a new low calorie sports drink called Lucozade Sport Lite, which contains 50 calories and already appeared  at the end of  March  in shops in UK(UK Marketing News Online,2010). Lucozade Alert: Lucozade Alert is designed to sharpen your mental performance, is low calorie 45 calories per bottle and has a great refreshing lemon flavour. It contains caffeine to help improve Focus, Alertness and Concentration. (Facebook, nd) 2.2.2 Price Being a historical company, Lucozade has gained more experiences on how to reduce the cost of producing, hence, it is cheaper, compared with Red Bull. Price/Bottle Price/100ml Lucozade  £0.78~1.30 10.0p~20.5p Red Bull  £1.35~2.02 38.9p~54.0p 2.2.3 Promotion For Lucozade, the recipe to success is science and product promotion. advertising and sponsorship Lucozade is very good at using advertising and sponsorship as tools for promotion. On one hand, in terms of ad campaign, their advertisements on TV always keep pace with their changing target market. To illustrate, it was used to boost ill or sick childrens energy at first and their target market was mothers, hence, its first advertisement in 1960 was about a mall boy who was recovering from being ill and he drunk the Lucozade with his mother (Coursework, 2004).Nextà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the company aimed at athletes and sports lover, therefore, the Olympic decathlon champion, Daley Thompson showed in the TV advertisement .In 2001,Lucozade wanted to target at new market segments which is teenagers, the company used Lara Croft who is a character in the famous video games called Tomb Raider to attract teenagers and children since they all love the video games(Coursework,2004).On the other hand, the company also sponsor famous player and teams. For exampleà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’David Jobber and John Fahy(2 009:236) points out that sponsorship of athletics by Smithkline Beecham for its Lucozade Sport brand reinforces and its market position and its energy associations.(à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ) Cooperation with Ipod Recentlyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’with the increasingly big fans of Apple, young people are seen walking on the street with Ipod clipped on their belts, Iphone hold in their hands. To better promote and better compete, now individuals can find FitCoach which is supplied by Lucozade Sport on the iTunes download page. It is a free software for Ipod and can help people keep fit and lose weight. In addition, in September 2010, Lucozade Energy offers customers to win an Iphone every hour. Everyone has a chance as long as he/she buys a bottle of Lucozade Energy. 2.2.4 Place Place is a very dynamic and fast moving area of marketing. It covers a wide variety of fascinating topics largely concerned with the movement of goods from A to B and what happens at the point of sell.(Brassington F. and Pettitt,2006,p.31)Lucozade is sold in many places in United Kingdom such as retail chains like ASDAà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’schools, gyms, sports center, even in desert stores or bread stores. 3. Competition position 3.1 Energy and sports drink market size In todays market, every industry and business is very competitive and tough with so many different brandss ,the historical ones, the news ones. However, in the cold market, the market of energy drinks boosts every year. The market has proved recession proof and continues to perform impressively.Value sales of the sports/energy drinks market are forecast to grow from  £941 million in 2008 to  £1,035 million in 2009.Over the next five years the market will grow by 48% to reach 1.5 billion in 2014 (Mintel oxygen data, 2009, p.8) . 3.2 Market share of Lucozade Cara Traboulsi et al. (2004,p.6),gives an extensive commentary on the market share that in 2003,Lucozade already had the largest market share(60%) followed by the major competitors such as Red Bull and Powerade with the value share of 27% and 4.50% individually .The rest of the market is made up with some small brands. It can be seen in the first pie chart. In 2010, Lucozade is the leader in United Kingdom for its market share in United Kingdom and Ireland is 90%(Bihua Ye,2010,p.19).The second pie chart shows the market share in Ireland. Lucozade still dominates the market with 75% value share (Begleys,nd). 3.3 Compared with Red Bull: Lucozade was the first energy, however, in the market of the energy drinks today, many Lucozades competitors have raised, the main and the most powerful competitor Lucozade has to face is Red Bull Red Bull is an energy drink brand which was launched in Austria in 1987. In just 20 years it has gone on to become a global best-selling beverage brand ( ). It is clearly to see that the two companies have some similarities. First, they both target young people .Second ,not just Lucozade, Red Bull is also very good at advertising . The company spent around 30 percent of its annual turnover on market and sponsorship( ). However, Shirisha Regani pointed out that Red Bull was unable to successfully extend its product line although a sugar-free version was introduced in 2003( ) ,which puts Lucozade into a more advantage position while competition since Lucozade has successfully extended their brand. Strategy: Reposition Lucoade used to be positioned as an invalids drink. ( )During the period 1974 to 1978 the sales of Lucozade declined consistently ( Banyard and Phillip,1999,p.70).The market changed that time, people had better medical technology and better living conditions which take the place of Lucozade. SmithKline Beecham, the brands owner, repositioned the brand from its original position as thea product for the sick to a brand which is essentially for the fit and healthy. ( )In the early 1990s,Lucozade successfully reinvented itself as a sports energy drink and by the end of the decad it was looking to step into the main stream and become a brand that would be sold out of the same fridges as Cock and Pepsi.( Tom Farrand, David Nichols, Tom Rowley,Matt Avery Journal: Young Consumers P12 2006 Volume:7 ) SWOT analysis: Strength: It has many different flavors to meet the need of different kind of customers and attract customers. It tastes very nice. Lucozade still dominant the energy drink market. The company has good reputation. Lucozade was established in 1927,which means it was the first energy drink product, the longer history means the company has longer time to build the brand into success. Weakness: Lucozade always focuses on developing new products such as Lucozade Sport Lite, it can be benefit, however, people are curious and always want to try new products, which will put the old products such as Lucozade Energy into dangerous position. Microsoft is an good example to approve this, less people are using Windows xp after Windows 7 is launched. Lucozade is a soft drink but contains 0.01% ethyl alcohol to aid flavouring which goes against the concept that Soft drinks are non-alcoholic. (BBC News Online,2004) Opportunities: Lucozade has the potential to expand their market share. Threat: It faces the threat of being substituted by Red Bull Recommendations Lucoade has a great scientific team trying to work on how to develop peoples energy. The boosting energy market,expand the market share in the whole beverage other than in the energy drink market.Since Lucozade is already dominant in the energy drinks market, what the company should do now is try to remain the old customers and attract new customers.

Hope Leslie by Catharine Maria Sedgwick Essay -- Hope Leslie Catharine

Hope Leslie by Catharine Maria Sedgwick American Puritans in the 17th century were known for their fervor for personal godliness and doctrinal correctness. In addition to believing in the absolute sovereignty of God, the total depravity of man, and the complete dependence of human beings on divine grace for salvation, they stressed the importance of personal religious experience. In her novel Hope Leslie, Catharine Maria Sedgwick critiques the idea of Puritanism and shows its deficiencies through the characters of Everell Fletcher, Hope Leslie, and Magawisca. A weakness of Puritanism that Sedgwick identifies is the idea that communal emotion and authority should take precedence over the desires and emotions of the individual. Some examples of this criticism are seen through the character of Everell Fletcher who is born and raised a Puritan but does not so easily conform to the pressures being placed upon him by both the public and his family. The Puritans viewed the Indians as a savage people whom they were to conquer and convert. At age fourteen, Everell is certainly aware of this view, and yet he not only befriends, but arguably falls in love with Magawisca, an Indian servant in the Fletcher house. His mother’s concern over this is seen in a letter she writes to her husband addressing the issue of Everell and Magawisca’s mutual affection for one another: â€Å"‘†¦it is for thee to decide whether it be not most wise to remove the maiden from our dwelling. Two young plants have sprung up in close neighbourhood, may be separated while young; but if disjoined after their fibers are all intertwined, one, or perchance both, may perish.’† (33). Despite Mrs. Fletcher’s desire for Everell’s personal contentmen... ... halo that encircled the pilgrims’ head; and not mark the dust that sometimes sullied his garments (156). In this text, Sedgwick identifies one of her qualms with Puritanism. She points out that Puritans view things that bring happiness as sin and things that are challenging and hard as obligations. She argues that Puritans lost the true meaning of God’s mercy but are still seen as perfect examples of godliness. In her book Hope Leslie Catharine Maria Sedgwick forces the reader to understand and judge some of the 17th century Puritans’ ideas, two being the idea of communal interests being of more importance than personal interests and the idea of youth being completely subordinate to adults. Through the characters of Everell, Hope, and Magawisca, Sedgwick brings to light the often overlooked shortcomings of Puritanism.

Essays --

â€Å"Stigma is a â€Å"collection of negative attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors that influence the individual, or general public, fear, reject, or avoid, be prejudiced, and discriminate people† (Varcarolis, 2013, p. 18). Mentally ill patients are encountered in all settings. Many of these setting are non-psychiatric in nature and are staffed by nurses that do not have extensive training or comfort in dealing with seriously mentally ill patients. Individual stigmas and attitudes that nurses have regarding mental illness can have a direct effect on the level of care given to these patients. These stigmatizing attitudes toward the mentally ill can have very harmful effects on the individual themselves and their families. The negative attitudes result in social isolation, reduced opportunities, and the lack of self worth (Varcarolis, 2013, p. 18). Nursing graduates need to understand that psychiatric patients appear everywhere, not just in psychiatric settings. Knowi ng how to properly and appropriately care for them is vital to giving the best care each patient deserves. The challenges of social stigmas about mental illnesses affect graduate nurses in developing a therapeutic relationship, and need to adjust and implement appropriate nursing interventions. Many graduate nurses will seek jobs in traditional medical settings. Theses settings can include the emergency department, long-term care, outpatient clinics, medical-surgical inpatient floors and intensive care units. Graduate nurses must remember that they will at some point encounter a patient that is also diagnosed with a mental illness in any of these settings. It is imperative that the nurse feel competent in his or her ability to asses and treat these patients. The gradua... ...being able to deliver care. If the mentally ill patient starts to show signs of agitation or being overwhelmed, the graduate nurse may need to stop and wait to finish. The graduate nurse’s ability to rely on observations and recognize behaviors that will interfere with providing care will ensure that the nurse-patient relationship that has been established remains therapeutic and facilitates positive patient outcomes. â€Å"Approach me with an open heart and slow your energy down. Take your time.† from Jill Taylor’s book My Stroke of Insight is the best summation on how a nurse should approach providing care to a patient with a mental illness as quoted in the article Psychiatric Comorbidities in Med/Surg (Carol Boylan, 2013) . Conclusion†¦..†You don’t have to be a psych nurse to encounter patients experiencing psychiatric emergencies†. (Marlene Nadler-Moodie, 2010)

Essay --

For a business there is many things that is required to keep that business in business. For example, In order to create an product the society must choose upon it’s needs, resources they have and choose based on it’s populations and other available markets.The factors of production is the readiness to work on answer the three questions (What?, How? and For whom?) in order to solve the problems of scarcity. Scarcity is a resources that is limited, a certain number of available resource. Or paying simple bills to stay in a certain location. To sell a certain amount products could affect how a business runs, based off it’s amount of products sold. And then there is the factors of production. Land isn’t about where something is located in a area, Labor is the help to create things, and Capital and Entrepreneurship are necessary to a business. What does factors of production got to do with land? Well Land isn’t all about where a business is located. It’s mostly about the natural resources, which for example are diamonds, wood, water, coal, gold, etc. And this deserves to be ranked first. I think so because with no resources no business won’t be able to run successfully. Aswell most resources have scarcity to create an product with could cause a business owner to look for for an alternative resource. If there wasn’t land in the factor of production, most of the businesses would fail because they won’t be making money by not being able to create products. So overall land should be first since you got to have resources in order to create other new products. How does labor affect the factors of production and what is it’s main purpose? Well according to Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis, they say Labor is, â€Å" Labor is ... ...e they want to be successful without taking such high risks that could take their business down hill if they taken a risk. For sure every entrepreneur knows every risk can be good, but can have a negative effect if taken the wrong way. But to another person they would definitely disagree with my view because not everyone has the same opinion. But also other people have different opinions about how they see the factors of production too. For example some may see Entrepreneurship as being first because of being high of risk. Then they could see Capital second because of money and the equipment for a business. As for Labor they would say third because not much as important than the money and equipment a business would need. And finally Land being last because they might not care where some business is located, but not thinking natural resources out there for land.

Learning Styles and Competencies Essay

Learning Styles and Competencies I found my personality spectrum to be true of whom I am as an individual person. I understand psychology as a self-portrait of us and this allowed me to be exposed and confirmed my personality. I am a prodigious thinker because I love to solve problems while exploring new ideas and potentials. When I look back as a child I was very analytical and always kept to myself on figuring problems. This can establish well with math, science, or psychology in a field that I would never be bored of. I realize that when I think, I space out and find truth and this will always apply in my everyday tasks. I like to hear questions given time to figure out in my manner of learning. My other strength is a giver, and I have strong merit of being honest and will always make sure that I will make a difference. Whenever I perform my job duties I make sure I come in with good intentions. I deal with customer service all day and project task all in an eight hour shift. Many people I have seen in the past cheated or stole time that really affected the company along with the workplace. I tend to talk to these individuals into just working as a team instead of being a weak link. I am an easily approachable person, which make sense through this personality spectrum that people see through me. I love to talk business and make sure everyone wins which is a great strength I am well aware of. I know my strength and how I can utilize it further for my career and better myself as an individual. I acknowledge my weaknesses in organization and that adventurous type; however, this does mean I can improve from what I falter. These are a series of habits and familiarized myself to grow better as an individual. I must find patience and take a day at a time to permit myself to understand where I must lead on, become comprehensive, and also have the courage to take further steps. One of the goals was to head back into school and finish what I had started. I have come a long way from when I was young, I have new experiences that motivate me to finish and succeed for my career. I need to write down my different goals, find others who share that common goal and experience what everyone has to offer. I understand we ourselves cannot make alone but as a team we can. If I ever come through any issues, I understand my mentor can also guide me. This learning has helped me to understand further and apply myself for future experiences.

Issues in Global Business

Module TitleIssues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts Module Code6IM 501 Module Level6 Credit value40 Total Number400 of Learning Hours Key Words Implementation of Global strategy, strategy and the organisation, strategic development, globalisation, international business and the environment, internationalisation. Module Description There has been a fundamental shift in the world’s economy where national economies were once self contained, now cross border business activities and economies are much more inter-dependent on each other.This module brings together elements of the global business environment with an understanding of the strategy making process. The ability to take an overview of business problem-solving and decision-making processes is necessary for a successful career in business management and administration. This module provides a broad representation of different, and often conflicting, perspectives and theories that reflect the richness of current deba te among academics and practitioners in the field.Initially the module focuses on enabling students to develop skills in the analysis of the strategic environment, development, evaluation and implementation of strategic concepts. These early stages of the module are designed to develop students’ analytical, problem-solving and decision-making skills. The module continues with a study of the global business environment and critical evaluation through the use of case studies to develop the student’s awareness and explore good and bad practices within the business process, content and contextUsing a consultative approach the module concludes by addressing contemporary global issues and the inter-dependence of national economies balanced with the strategic requirements of the global organisation. Module Learning On successful completion of the module, students will be able to: Outcomes 1. Demonstrate knowledge and a critical approach to the key contemporary theories and co ncepts recognised in the field of strategic management and globalisation. 2. Apply and critically discuss the appropriateness of relevant theories to complex business situations. 3.Apply consultancy principles and relevant theory to create, develop, plan and implement the Business Case Study Proposal recognising the importance of opportunity realisation and integrating implementation. Module Content * History of the field , evolution and development of strategic management; * Strategic Decision-Making * Formulating and analysing strategy;- The Strategy of International Business * Positioning Analysis – prescriptive and emergent approaches * Levels of Strategy and specifics of the strategy-making practices * Strategy development, evaluation and implementation International expansion and globalisation strategies – Exporting & Importing * Collaboration and competition: Knowledge creation through collaboration/network strategies * Developing and implementing customer-drive n strategy * Globalization * National Differences in Political Economy * Ethics in International Business – Values, morality, ethical considerations, CSR * International Trade Theory * Foreign Direct Investment * Multi Nationals & HRM * International Labour Relations * Regional Economic Integration & revision Foreign Exchange Market * Political requirements of International Trade Theory * Research Methods * The Organization of International Business * Entry Strategy and Alliance * Global Production * Financial Management in International business * Ecological Challenges for Business and Society * Consultancy Techniques Module Learning Learning & Teaching Methods and Teaching Via lectures and/or tutorials or seminars to cover substantive areas of knowledge, supported by audio/visual and web materials.Guest lectures and industrial visits – where appropriate – will be included. Students will be encouraged at all times to read widely for this subject, and to use bot h personal experiences from work placement(s) – where relevant – and their knowledge gained from their specialist prescribed and elected subjects. Use of interactive media and materials will be widely encouraged to provide the student with a fully rounded perspective and understanding of the module in ‘live’ situations. Module Assessment MethodCW1: 30% weightingStudents will be asked to demonstrate their understanding of this by firstly critically evaluating an organisation through a given case study and applying their knowledge gained in the lectures and tutorials. They will produce a management-style report showing application, evaluation and evidence of further reading focusing on specific areas of the module. CW2: 70% weighting Students will be required to act as a business consultant and prepare a report analysing a modern day scenario.This element requires students to utilise appropriate models and techniques, from the whole module content, advising on strategic intervention and its impact on the global environment. Reading list Core Text: Hill, C. (9th Edition), International Business, Competing in the Global Marketplace. (Global Edition) Mc Graw-Hill . Recommended Reading Baranova P. , Knight T. , Milligan J. (2011), Strategy Concepts and Applications, Customised Text, Pearson Education. Cavusgil, S. Knight, G & Riesenberger, J. (2008) International Business, Strategy, Management, and new Realities. Pearson Prentice Hall. Daniels, J.Radebaugh, L & Sullivan, D. (2009) International Business, Environments and Operations, 12th Edition, Prentice Hall. De Wit , B. and Meyer, R. (2010), Strategy: Process, Content, Context – An International Perspective, (2010), 4th Edition Text and Cases, South-Western, Cengage Learning. Drucker, P. (1985), Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Heinemann, London Goffin, K. & Mitchell, R. (2005). Innovation management; strategy & implemementation using the pentathlon framework, Palgrave, Basingsto ke. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes (2011), Exploring Strategy: Text and Cases, 9th Edition, Prentice Hall, Essex, UK.Lynch, Richard (2009). Strategic Management, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited, Essex, UK. Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel, (2009), Strategy Safari – Your complete guide through the wilds of strategic management. , 2nd Edition, FT Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel, (2005), Strategy Bites Back, FT Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, Lampel, Quinn and Ghoshal (2003), The Strategy Process – Concepts, Contexts, Cases, Global 4th Edition, Prentice Hall. Morrison, J. (2009) International Business, Challenges in a Changing World. Palgrave Macmillion. Morrison, J. 2009) Global Business Environment, Meeting the Challengers, 3rd Edition. Palgrave Macmillion. Inductive Derivation of a Consensus Definition of the Field, Strategic Management Journal, Vol 28, pp 935–955. Pettigrew, Thomas and Whittington (Eds. ), (2006), Handbook of Str ategy and Management, Sage. Porter, M. E. â€Å"Competitive Strategy† and â€Å"Competitive Advantage†, (1986), Free Press. Rugman, A. M. & Collinson, S. (2009) International Business 5th Edition. FT Prentice Hall. Wild, J. & Wild, K. & Han, J. C. Y. (2003) International Business 2nd Edition Prentice Hall.RELEVANT JOURNALS – via Emerald or EBSCO Business Premier Harvard Business Review Long Range Planning Sloan Management Review Journal of General Management Strategic Management Journal The Journal of Business Strategy Journal of General Management Administrative Science Quarterly OTHER RESOURCES Where applicable videos, business simulations, case studies etc. will be used to enhance and support the module content. 24/09 | Introduction to the Module| Chapter| Case StudiesVenezuela| 01/10| Employability | | Tesco| 08/10| The Concepts of Strategy| | IBM| 15/10| Value Creation| 13| Assignment Launch| 2/10| Strategic Options for International Business| 14| Wal-Mart/ Coca-Cola| 29/110| Organisational Structure and Architecture| 14| Unilever| 05/12ncing/11| Entry Strategy| 15| JCB/General Electric| 12/11| Strategic Alliances| 15| JCB/General Electric| 19/11| Review Strategic concept| | Assignment Review and Workshop| 26/12| Globalization| 1| The Globalization of Health Care| 03/12| National Differences in Political Economy| 2| Indonesia| 10/12| Ethics in International Business| 5| Knights Apparel | | | | | Issues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts Autumn 2012 Week CommencingHand-in-Date for Assignment One 19th – 26th November 2012. Session | Title| Chapter| Case Studies| 21/01| Welcome Back. Assignment Feedback. Semester 2 Introduction| | Feedback Group Seminar1-1 Tutorials| 28/01| International Trade Theory| 6| Bangladesh`s Textile Trade| 04/02| The Political Economy| 7| The Global Financial Crisis| 11/02| Foreign Direct Investment| 8| Spain’s TelephonicaAssignment Launch| 18/02| Regional Economic Integration| 9| NAFTA/Mexic an| 25/02| Assignment Discussion| | Assignment Seminar/ workshop| 04/03| Exporting & Importing| 16| MD International| 11/03| Global Production| 17| Boeing| 8/04| Global Marketing and R & D| 18| Microsoft| 15/04| Consultancy Review| | Assignment Seminar/ workshop| 22/04| Global HRM| 19| AstraZeneca| 29/04| Closing/Review| | Review| | | | | | | | | Issues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts Spring 2013 As the module progresses through this semester, more time will be allocated to assignment study within the tutorial period. This assignment is worth 70% and requires application of the module content to achieve a good grade. Hand-in-Date for Assignment Two 26th – 3rd May 2013

Aspergers

Espalier's Syndrome is a type of pervasive developmental disorder (PAD). These types of disorders (PAD) have delays Is the development of basic skills such as, the ability to socialize, to communicate, and to use Imagination. Children with Espalier's typically have normal intelligence and language development, but these could change as they get older. This disorder was declared official In 1944 by an Austrian doctor, Hans Aspirer. How Is Espalier's different from Autism? Children with AS don't have a delay in cognitive development or developing language skills.Children with Autism tend to have difficulty with symbolic thinking and pretend play. Another difference is the severity in symptoms, someone with AS can just be mistaken for a normal person behaving differently. Autistic kids will seem uninterested and stand-offish, where AS you want to fit in and interact with others (NAME). Symptoms of Espalier's can range from mild to severe, common symptoms are, problems with social skills , eccentric or repetitive behavior, unusual precautions or rituals, limited range of interest, coordination problems, lastly, skilled and talented (WebMD).I wouldn't necessarily say that the symptoms of AS are normal types of symptoms you would see In other disorders, but beneficial. Normal to above average Intelligence Is normal for AS but they usually have troubles with social Interactions. Anxiety, frustration, and depression are 3 common contributed behaviors. The cause for Aspirer†s remains unknown, but it has been seen to run in families so it could possibly be inherited. This disorder is classified under unique, the exact number of people with this disorder is unknown but they estimate 1 in every 250 children (WebMD).Studies say it is four times for likely to appear in males than females and is usually diagnosed in children between the ages of 2 and 6 years old (WebMD). Diagnosing Espalier's Is not the easiest, there Is no specific test that can tell you If you have Esp alier's Syndrome, you have to go through a series of test such as, x-rays and blood work. Doctors will also complete a physical examination because It has been see that patients with Espalier's have low muscle tone and dysphasia. If there is no physical disorder found you may be sent to see a specialist in childhood development disorders.There is no cure for Espalier's but there is treatment to elf improve. The treatments include special education, behavioral modifications, speech, physical and occupational therapy, and last, social skills therapy (WebMD). With effective treatment, children with Espalier's can learn to overcome or control their disability and repetitive tendencies. Adults with this disorder work successfully but sometimes still struggle with maintaining an independent life. All treatments work differently for everyone, some not at all. In an article on treatments for AS from Psych Central It stated that â€Å"According to the National Institute of NeurologicalDisor ders and Stroke, the Ideal treatment for Espalier's coordinates therapies that address the three core symptoms of the disorder: poor communication skills, obsessive or repetitive routines, and physical clumsiness. † Parenting a child with Espalier's is not easy, it has its difficulties. If you have a child who has been yourself you will be able to help your child grow to their fullest. A daily schedule has shown to help a lot. In the schedule include specific times for therapies, school, meals, and bedtime. If you have to make a change to the schedule, alert your child forehand so they can adjust.Having a â€Å"safe place† in your home will benefit your child because they will have a place to relax and feel secure. Children with Espalier's tend to get irritated somewhat quickly, causing them to lash out, if your child does so, sending them to their safe place can help them collect, and calm down. A main concern with parents who have a child with AS is their social life at school, â€Å"will my child have friends? † is a common question most parents ask. Most kids still live a normal social life throughout school. They make new friends; it's Just harder on some Han others.Identifying children with the same interest as yours can make it a lot easier on the child. Encouraging your child to develop their strengths and interest and to Join clubs or participate in any after school activities is a great way for their social skills to become stronger, especially as they grow older and move into middle/ high school. Many people don't know when a child has AS because it is so hard to see, it's not like other syndromes or disorders that develop physical traits. When you are the sibling of an AS patient it can also be stressful for you.Some siblings can come Jealous or embarrassed of their brother/sister because the parent(s) focus more of their time and attention on them. Some siblings may need to learn how to look out for themselves because some AS p atients have a hard time controlling their frustration or anger. Sticking up for a brother/sister whom suffers from AS is the best thing a sibling could do, it shows that even though you may not always get along, you love them and care for them. This can make them feel accepted or normal because it's something that a â€Å"normal† sibling would do for another.I have a younger sister who has AS and it can be hard. She is 8 years younger than I so we tend to bicker. When she is put in a situation where she has to be independent, say ask a stranger for directions, she becomes very nervous and her anxiety shoots through the roof. If she is upset and you continuously ask her what is wrong, she will lash out and become violent. Sometimes she won't remember what she said or did. When she has these tantrums we usually let her calm down and relax until we confront her about them. Sports and horses have been a huge help with her anxiety and AS.By interacting with other kids her age she has learned to be less socially awkward. Medications does play a role in her daily life, she takes medicine once a day at night before bed. The medication is supposed to help with her anxiety and aggressive tendencies. Not only do children struggle with AS but so do adults. An adult with AS may have difficulties understanding other people emotions, they can misinterpret others facial expressions and body language for something else. This can cause someone with AS to come off as selfish, egotistical, or uncaring (Better Health).When a person with AS is notified about their actions they may come off as shocked and set because neurologically they are unable to understand other people's emotions. Overall adults have a better understanding of their strengths and weaknesses; they are able to learn social skills People think that Just because you have a disability, it means you can't have a romantic relationship with someone. Adult with AS still have romantic relationships, according to t he Better Health Channel â€Å"Studies suggest that many struggle with the myriad of complex skills required to successfully negotiate intimate relationships†.Sometimes they can come off as inappropriate or immature cause they are unaware of what is right and wrong to say or do. When in a relationship, a partner can become frustrated because of unfair distribution of responsibilities. When the partner expresses their feelings of frustration to the AS partner, they come off baffled because they don't realize what they are doing. Having a career and being an AS patient is very normal, you could be working with someone with AS and not even know it. People with AS can excel in a lot of different areas, such as mathematics, music, or being visually creative.Some careers for AS patients that re visual thinkers are computer programming, drafting, photography, or equipment design (Better Health). If you are a music or math fanatic some career choices may be accounting, telemarketer, pianist, or a Journalist. Working with an AS person is not hard, communicating clearly is a good way for your AS employee to work to their fullest ability. Only expect one project at a time, putting too much stress on them can cause anxiety or them to lash out. Being specific with what you want from them is another way for them to be the best employee.When they know what is expected room them they will give it, Just like any other employee, you Just have to be clear, straight forward, and specific. AS employees are seen to be the most hardworking and dedicated employees a business could have. In conclusion to my research paper, I think that Espalier's Syndrome is a rare diagnosis that carries beauty. These people are so bright and intelligent that you'd never even know they had AS. They live normal lives and have good Jobs Just like a number of normal people. They may have some social setbacks here and there but with time and the right treatments they can overcome anything.I think t hat everyone should be given an equal chance no matter what they're disability may be. My sister being 12 and a AS patient, she is heading into middle school, a stressful time for someone with AS. Between her therapies and medications she has learned to control her symptoms and by participating in after school activates, even though they might stress her out, she has gained so many friends, more friends than I ever did in middle school. I hope this paper helped you learn about Espalier's Syndrome and can help you understand more of what it really is.

Asessment of children, toddler, pre-school using Gorden’s functional health pattern assessment Essay

Toddlers may come to know that being sick means feeling bad or having to stay in bed, but they have little, if any, understanding of the meaning of health. They depend on their parents for health management. A normal assessment finding for the toddler is being current on their immunizations. Because their immune system is still maturing, a normal assessment finding would be frequent minor upper respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Their passive immunity to communicable diseases acquired from breast milk has disappeared and active immunity through the initial immunization series is usually completed by 18 months. An abnormal assessment finding is not having been immunized or being behind in their scheduled immunizations. A potential problem for the toddler can occur when their parents don’t model healthy behaviors such as eating a balanced diet. The toddler may end up having nutritional deficiencies or become overweight. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern Toddlers are usually weaned from the breast or bottle before or during toddlerhood. A potential problem with that can be inadequate iron intake since regular cow’s milk is low in iron and can interfere with iron absorption from other food sources. A normal assessment finding in toddlers is a decrease in growth rate and appetite and can becoming picky eaters. A potential problem is nutritional deficiency if the parents offer empty calories from unhealthy snacks just to get them to eat something. Pattern of Elimination A normal assessment finding for the toddler is increased development of voluntary control over their bladder and urinating less frequently. Their average urine volume for the day will be between 500-750 ml. Their emotional and physical readiness for toilet training rarely develops before 18 months of age. A potential problem is frustration for both the parents and toddler if toilet training is attempted before the child is ready. The toddler’s gastrointestinal tract reaches functional maturity and most will develop sufficient voluntary control of the internal and external anal sphincters for bowel control. This usually happens before urinary control. Pattern of Activity and Exercise Toddlers are increasingly becoming more mobile and are able to coordinate their large muscle groups better. The toddler generally does not show complete dominance of one-sided body function and may still switch hands when eating or throwing a ball. They are always busy and will advance from taking their first step to running, climbing stairs, and pedaling a tricycle. Because of their exploratory nature and limited skills they are vulnerable to injury. They will want to play with other children in parallel play. A potential problem is the over use of television to entertain the child. Recent research demonstrates that for every hour they watch television they know 6 to 8 fewer words than toddlers who didn’t. Pattern of Sleep and Rest The toddler’s need for sleep is 12 hours a day which includes 1 or 2 naps. They need to have a bedtime ritual to help them sleep. A potential problem with the active toddler is that they may not be aware of their fatigue and become overtired and unable to relax enough to sleep. The toddler may suffer from night terrors where they don’t awaken completely for several minutes and look terrified. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern The toddler’s receptive language skills outweigh their expressive language ability and they often use gestures until they can find the right words to express themselves. They may become frustrated and will default to using â€Å"no† to gain control and express themselves. The toddler’s play can be repetitive and ritualistic. That is how they learn skills and decrease anxiety. A potential problem with the toddler’s endless energy and curiosity is frustration of the parents or caregiver which may lead to child abuse. Hearing loss is one of the most common conditions at birth and if not detected speech, language, cognitive, and emotional development can be impeded. Self-Perception-Self-Concept Pattern The toddler is ready to develop a sense of self separate from parents. They are delighted in their emerging independence and achievements. Their task of exerting autonomy means they have to give up their dependence on others that was enjoyed in infancy. If they continue to be dependent, they may get a sense of doubt about their ability to take control of their actions. To develop a sense of autonomy they must explore the physical world and the interpersonal aspects of relationships. A potential problem is their safety as they investigate their environment and they are susceptible to accidents. Temper tantrums are a response to frustration when the toddler’s need for autonomy conflicts with parental expectations, safety limits, or the rights of other people. This can result in child abuse from the parent who is not equipped to deal with it. Roles-Relationships Patterns The toddler understands his parents and siblings’ roles in terms of how their roles relate to him. Their most important relationships are their family. The desire to be like or have what a sibling does can lead to sibling rivalry. If a new baby comes along and gets too much attention and becomes a nuisance, they may revert to infantile behaviors such as wanting to be fed or dressed and losing their toilet skills. The toddler’s behavior can be trying for the parents and abuse can occur. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern The toilet training process may precipitate curiosity about the genital area. The parents might name the parts a cute name rather than the correct anatomical terms. This can create problems of learning about sexuality and communicating effectively if sexually abused. Coping-Stress Tolerance Pattern Temperament is the style of behaviors that a child uses to cope with demands and expectations of the environment. The three common temperament patterns are the easy child, the difficult child, and the slow to warm up child. The difficult child is less adaptable, more intense and active, and has more negative attitudes which can be distressing and frustrating to parents and caregivers and make them feel inadequate in their roles because they don’t know how to deal with them. Toddlers often imitate their parent’s methods of dealing with stress. This can be a problem if the behavior modeled is inappropriate and counter-productive. Values-Beliefs Pattern Toddlers believe rules are absolute and behave out of fear of punishment. Most of their developing values and beliefs depend on their interactions with their parents. Parents often attend to the toddler only when they are misbehaving and leaving them alone when they are good. This is a potential problem because the toddler’s negative behavior is reinforced because they only get attention when misbehaving. Preschooler Pattern of Health Perception and Health Promotion By age 4 or 5 the preschooler begins to understand that they play a role in their own health. They may become upset over minor injuries and they may view pain or illness as a punishment. They contribute to their own health management by brushing their teeth, taking medication, and wearing appropriate clothes for the weather. Since the immune system is not fully developed they will continue get contagious illnesses. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern A normal assessment finding for the preschooler’s food consumption is that about half of their diet consists of carbohydrates and the other half consists of protein 5% and fat 30-40%. They will develop food preferences because of their increased ability to react to the taste and textures of food and their realization that expressing an opinion about food is a way to have control. If offered too many sweets and processed foods along with little physical activity it can lead to obesity and diabetes. Conflict can arise when the preschooler and families have extreme differences over food preferences. Pain from dental caries, infection, and poorly cared for teeth affects the appetite and chewing ability that impacts their nutritional status. Children from low income households are mostly affected. The prevalence of food allergies in children that develop before the age of two in the United States is increasing. Elimination Pattern Older preschoolers are capable of and responsible for independent toileting. By the end of preschool their daily urine amounts total from 650 to 1000 ml. Children achieve full voluntary bowel control. Acquired lactose deficiency often appears and is more common in Black, Asian American, and Native American children. Activity-Exercise Pattern Play continues to be the primary activity for preschoolers and they demonstrate increased coordination and confidence with motor activities. They play simple interactive games and dress themselves. The preschooler can regulate body activity better than toddlers. Many preschoolers spend a lot of time watching television. Sometimes parents may use the television to entertain the child and a significant amount of the shows focus on adult themes and violence. Many experts agree that television disengages the child’s mind and supports less learning. Watching too much television can mean missed opportunities for interacting with other children. Sleep-Rest Pattern Most preschoolers sleep from 8 to 12 hours a night and for older children a nap may not be needed. They usually need a bedtime ritual to move from playing and being with others to being alone and falling asleep. They prolong bedtime routines more often than the toddler. They challenge the parents with their resistance to bedtime and learn to use behaviors that meet their needs and control the family and cause disruption. The preschooler can experience night terrors and nightmares. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern Many children are starting formalized education during their preschool years. Their facility with language resembles that of an adult. The preschooler’s vision continues to undergo refinement and by age 6 the child should approach 20/20 visual acuity level. Depth perception and color vision become fully established. The child may develop myopic vision which will require glasses. Hearing develops to the level of an adult’s. The hearing ability can be hindered by recurrent ear infections and may cause language delays. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept The preschooler is developing a mastery of self as an independent person, with a willingness to extend experiences beyond those of the family. Social acceptance helps them feel successful in their role as a child, sibling, and friend. They investigate roles through imagination. When they perceive their value in the world they demonstrate improved mental and physical health. Preschoolers remain sensitive to criticism and when ridiculed for ideas or behavior they may develop feelings of guilt and inadequacy. Role-Relationship Pattern They use play to explore while experimenting with who they are, who they might become, and how they relate to others socially. The drama of play allows them to view themselves from another perspective. Peers are becoming more significant. Ideas about gender differences in work roles and other activities are based on models in the home, at child care or preschool centers, and on television. Preschoolers use play to experiment with new roles and to understand others’ roles better. Younger children may admire and imitate an older sibling which can be a source of irritation and frustration for them. Divorce commonly creates disruption in the family and may cause regression, confusion, and irritability in the preschooler. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern Preschoolers know that there are two genders and identify with their own gender. They see representations of both genders in role models and on television to interpret and they can define their own roles. They are curious about the bodies and sexual function of others. When they are teased about this interest or it is implied that sexual information is unacceptable or naughty it will promote negative self-esteem. Being a victim of sexual abuse will cause many emotional problems. Pattern of Coping and Stress Tolerance Play is an important strategy for the preschooler to use to reduce stress. They are able to verbalize their frustration and show more patience in dealing with difficulties. They also use the coping mechanisms of separation anxiety, regression, fantasy, denial, repression, and projection. Sometimes projection can lead a parent to consider the child as dishonest when they blame somebody or something else for something they did. Temper tantrums normally disappear as a response to stress in the older preschooler. Temper tantrums that persist through the fifth year indicate a lack of matured coping responses. Pattern of Value and Beliefs Preschoolers lack fully developed consciences. At the age of 4 or 5 years old they do demonstrate some internal control of their actions. Preschoolers control their behavior to retain their parent’s love and approval. Moral actions are demonstrated in simple activities such as standing in line. Life and death fascinates the preschooler. Because of their limited emotional experience with death they may become upset with the idea of dying, assuming that when someone becomes angry and wishes them dead that they will cease to exist. Children who lose a loved one can have sleep disturbances and other behavioral changes as part of the grieving process. School-Aged Child Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management Most children are relatively health during this time. They learn to accept personal responsibility and participate in self-care such as personal hygiene, nutrition, physical activity, sleep, and safety. Due to a child’s cultural obligation to obey authority figures, children can become passive health care consumers, asking few questions, doing as they are told, and perpetuating poor choices. Some school-aged children may choose unhealthy behaviors such as smoking or illicit drugs. Leukemia is the most common form of childhood cancer. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern School-age children often eat foods low in iron, calcium, and vitamin C, and foods that have higher fat and sodium content than their parents did at their age. There is a discrepancy between current dietary intake and recommended dietary intake of these children placing them at risk for poor nutritional habits, iron deficiency, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. A child’s nutritional pattern usually reflects their family patterns. This could be a problem when a child doesn’t want to eat breakfast because their parents don’t. Pattern of Elimination Most children will have full bowel and bladder control by age 5. Their elimination patterns are similar to an adult’s, urinating 6 to 8 times a day and 1 or 2 bowel movements a day. Children with primary enuresis have never achieved bladder control. Some may have nocturnal enuresis. This can cause disruption in the family and self-esteem issues and have profound effects socially, emotionally, and behaviorally. Children with encopresis face similar issues. Pattern of Activity and Exercise The school-age child is generally naturally active. Those children who don’t live in a safe neighborhood or don’t have a parent who exercises are less likely to exercise themselves. The school aged child has the potential to perform more complex fine motor and gross motor functions. Physically active boys are slightly stronger than girls. Many children get their exercise through group activities and organized sports. Concerns exist that children have had too much physical and psychological pressure to perform in sports. Children can also get injured from playing in sports. Pattern of Sleep and Rest Most school-age children have no problems with sleeping and their requirements of sleep are similar to an adult’s. They sleep 8 to 12 hours a night without naps during the day. The most common sleep problems are night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking, and enuresis. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern The school-aged child’s vision should reach optimal function by age 6 or 7 years of age. Peripheral vision and the ability to discriminate fine color distinctions should be fully developed. They should have a visual acuity in each eye of at least 20/30. Many children need glasses to prevent academic difficulties, headaches and dizziness when reading or doing close work. Many children may have myopia or astigmatism. The child’s hearing ability is nearly complete by the age of 7 years. Chronic serous otitis media is the common cause of hearing deficits. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept The school-age child’s concept of the body and its functions is changing. Changes or differences in their body may frighten the school-age child if they don’t understand their normal developmental process. Physical differences can provoke ridicule and isolation. Children with chronic illness worry that their peer relationships will suffer if they know about their illness. Role-Relationship Pattern Parents and caregivers serve as authority figures that establish rules needed for the functioning of the family and the safety of the child. The school-aged child’s increasing independence and responsibility begin to reduce the amount of parental authority and structure needed. They prioritize school and peer group relationships. They broaden their interests outside the home. Some may become involved in gangs or behavior that is stressful for both them and their family. Relationships between children and adults are not always positive and sexual abuse has become a more common but hidden problem. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern The child enters the school-age years identifying with the parent of the same sex and continues to learn the concepts and behavior of the gender role. This is a significant challenge, especially for homosexual children. Stereotypes continue to influence the child’s ideas of male and female roles. When physical changes of puberty have begun, concern and curiosity about sexual issues grow. A lot of parents are uncomfortable or unsure of what sexual information to give to their children. Pattern of Coping and Stress Tolerance A threat to the child’s security causes feelings of helplessness and anxiety that may affect their ability to function successfully. Grief over the death of a loved one, divorce, or loss of acceptance from a peer group may cause behavior problems. The family environment provides a sense of security that allows the school-age child to cope with stress. In uncontrollable situations children may become depressed or somaticize. Pattern of Value and Beliefs Cultural, religious, and parental values influence a child’s moral development, concept of right and wrong, and consequences of not demonstrating moral behavior. Some moral behavior problems are common during school-age years such as lying, stealing, or cheating. These actions can be very upsetting for the parents. Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in expected assessment across the childhood age groups. Mostly similarities were found within all three age groups for the Gordon’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment categories. All of them looked to their parents as role models and for guidance in every category and could either be positively or negatively influenced by them. By example from their parents or by what they are offered to eat from them, they could either learn to be healthy eaters or end up with nutritional deficiencies, obese, or have health problems. All three age groups learn from their parents how to cope with stress and look to them for comfort. They are all affected by their parents and their culture. The three age groups are each exploring themselves regarding their roles and relationships in life and their sexuality. They are all susceptible to the negative influences of the television. They all need a structured bedtime and adequate sleep. All of them showed an increased desire for and sense of independence. As they each grow older they are able to express themselves and communicate better. The biggest difference was that the toddler and preschooler get more contagious illnesses than the school-age child. Summarize how a nurse would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication differently with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer To assess a child’s growth, the nurse uses the CDC growth chart to compare the child’s weight to national averages of which there are ethnic differences. The assessment and examination of the child is different than that of an adult. The head to toe sequence for adults is varied in children according to their response and developmental level. The nurse uses play techniques and the child is allowed to play with the instruments. The child may need to sit on the parent’s lap during the exam. Education and communication is different towards children. The child’s health perception and management is greatly influenced by the parent and their culture so the nurse has to work in partnership with the parent. Most of the history is obtained from the parent although an older child may be able to provide some of their own history. Because the child may not be able to say what hurts or articulate their fears and needs, the nurse needs to be able to interpret behaviors and reactions and be intuitive and reassuring to both the child and parents. The nurse needs to identify and overcome any barriers to understanding the child and parents whether because of language, culture, or stage of development (Nursing and Midwife Council [NMC], 2008). Reference Nursing and Midwife Council (2008). Advice for nurses working with children and young people. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from www. nmc-uk. org/nurses-and-midwives/advice-by-topic/a/advice/advice-on-working-with-children-and-young-people/

Capital Account Convertibility

Capital Account Convertibility. Should India adopt full convertibility? Capital Account Convertibility-or a floating exchange rate-is a feature of a nations financial regime that centers around the ability to conduct transactions of local financial assets into foreign financial assets freely and at market determined exchange rates. It is sometimes referred to as Capital Asset Liberation or CAC. CAC is mostly a guideline to changes of ownership in foreign or domestic financial assets and liabilities. Tangentially, it covers and extends the framework of the creation and liquidation of laims on, or by the rest of the world, on local asset and currency markets. Current account convertibility allows free inflows and outflows for all purposes other than for capital purposes such as investments and loans. In other words, it allows residents to make and receive trade-related payments receive dollars (or any other foreign currency) for export of goods and services and pay dollars for import of goods and services, make sundry remittances, access foreign currency for travel, studies abroad, medical treatment and gifts, etc. Capital account convertibility is considered to be one of the major features of a developed economy. It helps attract foreign investment. It offers foreign investors a lot of comfort as they can re-convert local currency into foreign currency anytime they want to and take their money away. At the same time, capital account convertibility makes it easier for domestic companies to tap foreign markets. At the moment, India has current account convertibility. This means one can import and export goods or receive or make payments for services rendered. However, investments and borrowings are restricted. But economists say that Jumping into capital account convertibility game without considering the downside of the step could harm the economy. The East Asian economic crisis is cited as an example by those opposed to capital account convertibility. Even the World Bank has said that embracing capital account convertibility without adequate preparation could be catastrophic. But India is now on firm ground given its strong financial sector reform and fiscal consolidation, and can now slowly but steadily move towards fuller capital account convertibility. CAC has 5 basic statements designed as points of All types of liquid capital assets must be able to be exchanged freely, between any two nations, with standardized exchange rates. The amounts must be a significant mount (in excess of $500,000). Capital inflows should be invested in semi-liquid assets, to prevent churning and excessive outflow. Institutional investors should not use CAC to manipulate fiscal policy or exchange rates. Excessive inflows and outflows should be buffered by national banks to provide collateral. Prior to its implementation, foreign investment was hindered by uneven exchange rates due to transactions, and national banks were disassociated from fiscal exchange policy and incurred high costs in supplying hard-currency loans for those few local companies that wished to do business abroad. Due to the low exchange rates and lower costs associated with Third World nations, this was expected to spur domestic capital, which would lead to welfare gains, and in turn lead to higher GDP growth. The tradeoff for such growth was seen as a lack of sustainable internal GNP growth and a decrease in domestic capital investments. When CAC is used with the proper restraints, this is exactly what happens. The entire outsourcing movement with Jobs and factories going oversees is a direct result of the foreign investment aspect of CAC. The Tarapore Committees recommendation of tying liquid assets to static assets (i. e. investing in long term government bonds, etc) was seen by many economists as directly responsible for stabilizing the idea of capital account liberalization. The Reserve Bank of India has appointed a committee to set out the framework for fuller Capital Account Convertibility. The Committee, chaired by former RBI governor S S Tarapore, was set up by the Reserve Bank of India in consultation with the Government of India to revisit the subject of fuller capital account convertibility in the context of the progress in economic reforms, the stability of the external and financial sectors, accelerated growth and global integration. Economists Surjit S Bhalla, M G Bhide, R H Patil, A V RaJwade and Alit Ranade were the members of the Committee. The Reserve Bank of India has also constituted an internal task force to re-examine the extant regulations and make recommendations to remove the operational impediments in the path of liberalisation already in place. The task force will make its recommendations on an ongoing basis and the processes are expected to be completed by December 4, 2006. The Task Force has been set up following a recommendation of the Committee. The Task Force will be convened by Salim Gangadharan, chief general manager, in- harge, foreign exchange department, Reserve Bank of India, and will have the following terms of reference: Undertake a review of the extant regulations that straddle current and capital accounts, especially items in one account that have implication for the other account, and iron out inconsistencies in such regulations. Examine existing repatriation/ surrender requirements in the context of current account convertibility and management of capital account. Identify areas where streamlining and simplification of procedure is possible and remove the operational impediments, especially in espect of the ease with which transactions at the level of authorized entities are regulations are consistent with regulatory intent. Review the delegation of powers on foreign exchange regulations between Central Office and Regional offices of the RBI and examine, selectively, the efficacy in the functioning of the delegation of powers by RBI to Authorised Dealers (banks). Consider any other matter of relevance to the above. The Task Force is empowered to devise its work procedure, constitute working groups in various areas, co-opt permanent/special invitees and meet various trade ssociations, representative bodies or individuals to facilitate its work.